The epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus in lowand middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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cg.authorship.typesCGIAR and advanced research institute
cg.contributor.affiliationUniversity of Edinburgh
cg.contributor.affiliationInternational Livestock Research Institute
cg.contributor.donorBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, United Kingdom
cg.contributor.donorBill & Melinda Gates Foundation
cg.contributor.donorGovernment of the United Kingdom
cg.creator.identifierElizabeth Cook: 0000-0001-6081-8363
cg.creator.identifierLuis Enrique Hernandez Castro: 0000-0002-2342-1655
cg.creator.identifierMark Bronsvoort: 0000-0002-3271-8485
cg.howPublishedFormally Published
cg.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.947515
cg.isijournalISI Journal
cg.issn2297-1769
cg.journalFrontiers in Veterinary Science
cg.number947515
cg.reviewStatusPeer Review
cg.subject.ilriANIMAL DISEASES
cg.subject.ilriDISEASE CONTROL
cg.subject.ilriEPIDEMIOLOGY
cg.subject.ilriLIVESTOCK
cg.subject.ilriVACCINES
cg.volume9
dc.contributor.authorZirra-Shallangwa, B.
dc.contributor.authorGonzález Gordon, L.
dc.contributor.authorHernandez-Castro, L.E.
dc.contributor.authorCook, Elizabeth A.J.
dc.contributor.authorBronsvoort, B.M. de C.
dc.contributor.authorKelly, Robert F.
dc.date.accessioned2022-09-05T10:20:09Zen
dc.date.available2022-09-05T10:20:09Zen
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10568/121091
dc.titleThe epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus in lowand middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysisen
dcterms.abstractIntroduction: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes reproductive inefficiencies and negatively impacts the economy of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It is characterized by a combination of syndromes that result in poor production performance and calf morbidity and mortality. BVDV control is possible by introduction of biosecurity measures, test-and-cull, and vaccination programs as accomplished in high-income countries. Knowledge of BVDV epidemiology is limited in many LMICs, which hinders implementation of effective control programs. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the burden of BVDV, identify risk factors related to its occurrence, and health and economic impacts on production systems. Materials and Methods: Relevant BVD articles were collated from library databases; 690 abstracts and full texts were found in an initial search followed by filtering of 59 manuscripts. We accounted for quality and risk of bias in the meta-analysis. Prevalence, exposure, and current infection at regional, production, and farming system levels were estimated using logistic random-effects meta-regression models. Finally, we calculated the proportion of studies that addressed risk factors and health and economic impacts across different production systems to inform future preventative strategies in LMICs. Results: Seroprevalence was high and varied between regions. Mean weighted prevalence was 39.5% (95% CI 25–56.1), 45.2% (95% CI 35.9–54.8), 49.9% (95% CI 25.5–74.3), and 21.6% (95% CI 0.5–56) for sub-Saharan Africa, South America, Middle East, and Asia, respectively. Seroprevalence varied across farming systems, with smallholder farming showing the highest values. Herdsize was the most frequently reported risk factor, and the percentage of articles that reported herdsize as a risk factor were 20.6%, 33.3%, and 38.4% for dairy, beef and mixed systems respectively. Abortion (13.7% of articles) was the main reported health impact in dairy systems. Some articles reported milk drop (4.6% of articles), but no article investigated the economic cost of BVDV in farming systems. Conclusion: Animal-level seroprevalence varied across all regions. Most of the studies focused on BVDV seroprevalence. There were some articles that investigated risk factors and health impacts, and there were even less that investigated economic impacts. Future studies should focus on identifying risk factors and quantifying health and economic impacts across systems. Understanding these aspects is crucial to develop management strategies to apply across diverse production systems in LMICs.en
dcterms.accessRightsOpen Access
dcterms.audienceScientists
dcterms.available2022-08-03
dcterms.bibliographicCitationZirra-Shallangwa, B., González Gordon, L., Hernandez-Castro, L.E., Cook, E.A.J., Bronsvoort, B.M. de C. and Kelly, R.F. 2022. The epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus in lowand middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9: 947515.en
dcterms.issued2022-08-11
dcterms.languageen
dcterms.licenseCC-BY-4.0
dcterms.publisherFrontiers Media
dcterms.subjectanimal diseasesen
dcterms.subjectdisease controlen
dcterms.subjectepidemiologyen
dcterms.subjectvaccinesen
dcterms.subjectbovine viral diarrhoeaen
dcterms.typeJournal Article

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